Association of Urinary Iodine Concentration with Depressive Symptoms among Adults: NHANES 2007–2018

Abstract

The association between iodine status and depressive symptoms has not been investigated in the general population. Therefore, we drew 8935 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2018 to explore their association. In NHANES, Inductively Coupled Plasma Dynamic Reaction Cell Mass Spectroscopy was utilized to measure urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used to assess depressive symptoms. Meanwhile, we fitted logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models. We found that high UIC was associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms than the normal UIC group (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.04–2.16). This association was particularly pronounced and further strengthened among females (OR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.19–3.01) and participants aged 40–59 (OR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.11–3.25). Moreover, we found that low UIC was associated with a high prevalence of depressive symptoms among females (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.02–2.18). Moreover, the dose-response relationship between UIC and depressive symptoms presented a general trend of decreased, steady transiently, and then increased. We found that participants with high UIC had a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms than those with normal UIC. Meanwhile, we also found that females with low UIC had higher odds of reporting depressive symptoms.