Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Electromagnetic Signals as a Possible Precursory Warning of Incoming Seismic Activity

Author:

Tritakis Vasilis12ORCID,Mlynarczyk Janusz3ORCID,Contopoulos Ioannis1ORCID,Kubisz Jerzy4,Christofilakis Vasilis5ORCID,Tatsis Giorgos5ORCID,Chronopoulos Spyridon K.5ORCID,Repapis Christos2

Affiliation:

1. Research Center for Astronomy and Applied Mathematics, Academy of Athens, 15126 Athens, Greece

2. Mariolopoulos-Kanaginis Foundation for Environmental Research, 10675 Athens, Greece

3. Institute of Electronics, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

4. Astronomical Observatory, Jagiellonian University, 30-244 Krakow, Poland

5. Electronics-Telecommunications and Applications Laboratory, Physics Department, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece

Abstract

We analyzed a large number (77) of low-to-medium-magnitude earthquakes (M3.5–M6.5) that occurred within a period of three years (2020–2022) in the Southern half of Greece in relation to the ELF activity in that region and time period. In most cases, characteristic ELF signals appear up to 20 days before the earthquakes. This observation may add an important new element to the Lithospheric–Atmospheric–Ionospheric scenario, thus contributing to a better prediction of incoming earthquakes. We discuss the role of ELF observations in reliable seismic forecasting. We conclude that the magnitude of an earthquake larger than M4.0 and the distance of the epicenter shorter than 300 km from the recording site is needed for typical pre-seismic signals to be observed. Finally, we remark that a reliable prediction of earthquakes could result from an integrated project of multi-instrumental observations, where all the known variety of precursors would be included, and the whole data set would be analyzed by advanced machine learning methods.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Reference80 articles.

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