Chemical Composition of PM10 in a Classroom near the Copper Smelter in Bor, Serbia

Abstract

An analysis was conducted on the influence of advancements in smelting technology at the copper smelter in Bor, Serbia, and seasonal changes on the level and chemical composition of PM10 inside and outside a classroom at the Technical Faculty in Bor in 2015 and 2019. The results of chemical analyses revealed that the average level of arsenic in PM10 within the classroom reached 11.9 ng/m3, nearly double the annual target value. In comparison, the average level of arsenic (As) in PM10 in ambient air stood at 15 ng/m3. A notable enrichment factor was observed for elements present in copper concentrates (Se > Ag > Bi > Pb > Cd > As > Sb > S > Cu > Sn > Zn) in both the classroom and outdoor air, underscoring their predominantly anthropogenic origin. Higher concentrations of As in PM10 were recorded during the non-heating season and the operation of the copper smelter with outdated smelting technology (2015). These findings hold significant implications for health protection for all citizens in the investigated area surrounding the Technical Faculty in Bor. The study highlights the need for additional measures to reduce As content in PM10 in ambient air and prevent the infiltration of suspended particles from outdoor air into classrooms.