Air Quality Assessment in Six Major Greek Cities with an Emphasis on the Athens Metropolitan Region

Abstract

To assess the impact of air pollution on human health in multiple urban areas in Greece, hourly concentrations of common air pollutants (CO, NO2, O3, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5) from 11 monitoring stations in six major Greek cities (Athens, Thessaloniki, Patra, Volos, Ioannina, and Kozani), were used to implement the U.S. EPA’s Air Quality Index (AQI) during a seven-year period (2016–2022). In Athens, the capital city of Greece, hourly PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were also studied in relation to the prevailing wind patterns, while major PM10 episodes exceeding the official daily EU limit (50 μg/m3) were analyzed using the Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) in terms of the air mass origin. According to the AQI results, PM10 and PM2.5 were by far the most hazardous pollutants associated with moderate and unhealthy conditions in all the studied areas. In addition, in Athens, Thessaloniki, and Patra, where the benzene levels were also studied, a potential inhalation cancer risk (>1.0 × 10−6) was detected. In Athens, Saharan dust intrusions were associated with downgraded air quality, whilst regional transport and the accumulation of local emissions triggered increased PM10 and PM2.5 levels in traffic sites, especially during cold periods. Our study highlights the need for the development of early warning systems and emission abatement strategies for PM pollution in Greece.