Accuracy of New Deep Learning Model-Based Segmentation and Key-Point Multi-Detection Method for Ultrasonographic Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) Screening

Abstract

Hip joint ultrasonographic (US) imaging is the golden standard for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) screening. However, the effectiveness of this technique is subject to interoperator and intraobserver variability. Thus, a multi-detection deep learning artificial intelligence (AI)-based computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system was developed and evaluated. The deep learning model used a two-stage training process to segment the four key anatomical structures and extract their respective key points. In addition, the check angle of the ilium body balancing level was set to evaluate the system’s cognitive ability. Hence, only images with visible key anatomical points and a check angle within ±5° were used in the analysis. Of the original 921 images, 320 (34.7%) were deemed appropriate for screening by both the system and human observer. Moderate agreement (80.9%) was seen in the check angles of the appropriate group (Cohen’s κ = 0.525). Similarly, there was excellent agreement in the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) value between the measurers of the alpha angle (ICC = 0.764) and a good agreement in beta angle (ICC = 0.743). The developed system performed similarly to experienced medical experts; thus, it could further aid the effectiveness and speed of DDH diagnosis.