Neurological and Psychiatric Manifestations of Long COVID-19 and Their [18F]FDG PET Findings: A Review

Author:

Hameed Rizwanullah12,Bahadur Anuradha Rosario3,Singh Shashi Bhushan4ORCID,Sher Juwairah5,Todua Maia6,Moradi Leah (Mahsa)7,Bastakoti Sanjiv8,Arslan Maeen9,Ajmal Hanfa10,Lee Gha Young11,Ayubcha Cyrus11ORCID,Werner Thomas J.12,Alavi Abass12ORCID,Revheim Mona-Elisabeth1314ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center, 585 Schenectady Avenue, New York, NY 11203, USA

2. Interfaith Medical Center, 1545 Atlantic Avenue, New York, NY 11213, USA

3. Kingston Public Hospital, North Street, Kingston 4, Jamaica

4. Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA

5. Medical University of the Americas, 27 Jackson Road, Suite 302, Devens, MA 0134, USA

6. Department of Endocrinology, Tbilisi State Medical University, Vazha-Pshavela Ave. 33, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia

7. Touro University, Touro College of Pharmacy, 3 Times Square, New York, NY 10036, USA

8. Russell Hall Hospital, Dudley DY1 2HQ, UK

9. Dartmouth College Hanover, Hanover, NH 03755, USA

10. College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33620, USA

11. Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA

12. Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA

13. The Intervention Center, Rikshospitalet, Division for Technology and Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway

14. Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway

Abstract

For more than two years, lingering sequalae of COVID-19 have been extensively investigated. Approximately 10% of individuals infected by COVID-19 have been found to experience long-term symptoms termed “long COVID-19”. The neurological and psychiatric manifestations of long COVID-19 are of particular concern. While pathogenesis remains unclear, emerging imaging studies have begun to better elucidate certain pathological manifestation. Of specific interest is imaging with [18F]FDG PET which directly reflects cellular glycolysis often linked to metabolic and inflammatory processes. Seeking to understand the molecular basis of neurological features of long COVID-19, this review encompasses the most recent [18F]FDG PET literature in this area.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Clinical Biochemistry

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