Clinical, Histological, and Molecular Prognostic Factors in Childhood Medulloblastoma: Where Do We Stand?

Author:

Ntenti Charikleia1,Lallas Konstantinos2ORCID,Papazisis Georgios3ORCID

Affiliation:

1. First Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece

2. Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece

3. Clinical Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (BRESU), School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece

Abstract

Medulloblastomas, highly aggressive neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS) that present significant heterogeneity in clinical presentation, disease course, and treatment outcomes, are common in childhood. Moreover, patients who survive may be diagnosed with subsequent malignancies during their life or could develop treatment-related medical conditions. Genetic and transcriptomic studies have classified MBs into four subgroups: wingless type (WNT), Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Group 3, and Group 4, with distinct histological and molecular profiles. However, recent molecular findings resulted in the WHO updating their guidelines and stratifying medulloblastomas into further molecular subgroups, changing the clinical stratification and treatment management. In this review, we discuss most of the histological, clinical, and molecular prognostic factors, as well the feasibility of their application, for better characterization, prognostication, and treatment of medulloblastomas.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Clinical Biochemistry

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