Whole Blood as a Sample Matrix in Homogeneous Time-Resolved Assay—Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Antibody Detection

Author:

Lintala Annika1ORCID,Vapalahti Olli123ORCID,Nousiainen Arttu45,Kantele Anu45ORCID,Hepojoki Jussi16ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland

2. Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland

3. Helsinki University Hospital Diagnostic Center, 00029 Helsinki, Finland

4. Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland

5. Meilahti Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research Center, MeiVac, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland

6. Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland

Abstract

The protein-L-utilizing Förster resonance energy transfer (LFRET) assay enables mix-and-read antibody detection, as demonstrated for sera from patients with, e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Zika virus, and orthohantavirus infections. In this study, we compared paired serum and whole blood (WB) samples of COVID-19 patients and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine recipients. We found that LFRET also detects specific antibodies in WB samples. In 44 serum–WB pairs from patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, LFRET showed a strong correlation between the sample materials. By analyzing 89 additional WB samples, totaling 133 WB samples, we found that LFRET results were moderately correlated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results for samples collected 2 to 14 months after receiving COVID-19 diagnosis. However, the correlation decreased for samples >14 months after receiving a diagnosis. When comparing the WB LFRET results to neutralizing antibody titers, a strong correlation emerged for samples collected 1 to 14 months after receiving a diagnosis. This study also highlights the versatility of LFRET in detecting antibodies directly from WB samples and suggests that it could be employed for rapidly assessing antibody responses to infectious agents or vaccines.

Funder

Business Finland

Finnish Government Subsidy for Health Science Research

Finnish Medical Association

Academy of Finland

Sigrid Jusélius Foundation

University of Helsinki

Publisher

MDPI AG

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