The Challenge to Decide between Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Chronic Lung Disease and PAH with Chronic Lung Disease

Abstract

Chronic lung diseases are strongly associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH), and even mildly elevated pulmonary arterial pressures are associated with increased mortality. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most common chronic lung disease, but few of these patients develop severe PH. Not all these pulmonary pressure elevations are due to COPD, although patients with severe PH due to COPD may represent the largest subgroup within patients with COPD and severe PH. There are also patients with left heart disease (group 2), chronic thromboembolic disease (group 4, CTEPH) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (group 1, PAH) who suffer from COPD or another chronic lung disease as co-morbidity. Because therapeutic consequences very much depend on the cause of pulmonary hypertension, it is important to complete the diagnostic procedures and to decide on the main cause of PH before any decision on PAH drugs is made. The World Symposia on Pulmonary Hypertension (WSPH) have provided guidance for these important decisions. Group 2 PH or complex developmental diseases with elevated postcapillary pressures are relatively easy to identify by means of elevated pulmonary arterial wedge pressures. Group 4 PH can be identified or excluded by perfusion lung scans in combination with chest CT. Group 1 PAH and Group 3 PH, although having quite different disease profiles, may be difficult to discern sometimes. The sixth WSPH suggests that severe pulmonary hypertension in combination with mild impairment in the pulmonary function test (FEV1 > 60 and FVC > 60%), mild parenchymal abnormalities in the high-resolution CT of the chest, and circulatory limitation in the cardiopulmonary exercise test speak in favor of Group 1 PAH. These patients are candidates for PAH therapy. If the patient suffers from group 3 PH, the only possible indication for PAH therapy is severe pulmonary hypertension (mPAP ≥ 35 mmHg or mPAP between 25 and 35 mmHg together with very low cardiac index (CI) < 2.0 L/min/m2), which can only be derived invasively. Right heart catheter investigation has been established nearly 100 years ago, but there are many important details to consider when reading pulmonary pressures in spontaneously breathing patients with severe lung disease. It is important that such diagnostic procedures and the therapeutic decisions are made in expert centers for both pulmonary hypertension and chronic lung disease.