Deciphering Iberian Variscan Orogen Magmatism Using the Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility from Granites

Abstract

In this paper, we have synthesized the information derived from more than 20 papers and PhD theses on the anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of 19 Variscan granite plutons, spanning the period between 320 Ma and 296 Ma. The AMS data are obtained from 876 sampling sites with more than 7080 AMS measurements and a re-interpretation is proposed. The studied granites exhibit a magnetic susceptibility (Km) ranging from 30 to 10,436 × 10−6 SI units. Most granites typically exhibit Km values below 1000 × 10−6 SI, indicative of paramagnetic behavior. Biotite serves as the main carrier of iron (Fe), emphasizing the reduced conditions prevalent during the formation of granite melts in the Variscan orogeny. The AMS fabrics of the studied granite plutons record the magma strain, expressing the chronologic evolution of the stress field during the orogeny. This chronologic approach highlights the magmatic events between around 330 and 315 Ma, occurring in an extensional regime, in which the Borralha pluton is an example of a suite that recorded this extensional AMS fabric. Plutons with ages between 315 and 305 Ma show AMS fabrics, pointing out their emplacement in a compressional tectonic regime related to the Variscan collision. The plutons, younger than 305 Ma, record AMS fabrics indicating that the tectonic setting for emplacement changes from a wrench regime to an extensional one at the end of the collision stage. This is evident as there is a chronological overlap between the granites that exhibit AMS fabrics indicating extension and the ones that have AMS fabrics indicating a wrench regime.