Optimizing Al and Fe Load during HTC of Water Hyacinth: Improvement of Induced HC Physicochemical Properties

Abstract

Nowadays, several alternatives have been proposed to increase the porosity and/or modify the surface groups of hydrochars from biomasses as well as to develop additional features on them. These alternatives can include specific modifications for the process, as previous steps or as postreatments, and the wide variety of forms in which they can be made can substantially affect the product distribution and properties. In this study, the hydrothermal carbonization process of an invasive floating plant (Water hyacinth) has been modified by introducing different amounts of iron (FeCl3) and aluminium alloy (shaving scrap waste) during the hydrothermal reaction. The effects on process reactivity, phase distribution, and physicochemical properties of the samples obtained were studied by means of different characterization techniques such as thermogravimetry (TG-DTG), physical adsorption/desorption of N2 at −196 °C, FT-IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the case of iron-catalyzed reactions, the magnetite formation and magnetic behavior of the prepared hydrochars after a pyrolytic treatment was also estimated. The results obtained indicate that the porosity of the hydrochars was clearly improved to different extents by the addition of Al or Fe during direct synthesis. In addition, porous carbons with a moderate magnetic character were obtained.