Solvent-Free Aldol Condensation of Cyclopentanone with Natural Clay-Based Catalysts: Origin of Activity & Selectivity

Abstract

The conversion of biomass resources into high-value fuels and chemicals using thermochemical methods has become an attractive method of energy utilization. In this study, natural minerals were used as raw materials; the acidic sites were introduced by ball-milling modification, and the aldol condensation reaction of the biomass-based cyclopentanone molecule was carried out under solvent-free conditions. It was found that the SO3H-APG catalyst—with strong medium-based sites when the -SO3H loading was 4 mmol/g—exhibited excellent acid–base co-activation effects and a significant catalytic effect in the cyclopentanone condensation reaction. The optimization of the reaction conditions showed that the conversion of cyclopentanone reached 85.53% at the reaction temperature of 150 °C and reaction time of 4 h. The selectivity of the dimer and trimer was 69.04% and 28.41%, respectively. The investigation of the cyclopentanone condensation mechanism and kinetic analysis showed that the acid–base presence of an acid–base bifunctional catalyst was important to facilitate the condensation reaction. This research route is in line with the concept of sustainable green production and also provides a promising pathway for catalyst design and the synthesis of long-chain hydrocarbons.