Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity and Their Impact on Spirometry Parameters in Patients with Asthma: A Multicentre, Retrospective Study

Abstract

Introduction: Obesity is a common comorbidity in patients with asthma and has a significant impact on health and prognoses. However, the extent to which overweight and obesity impact asthma, particularly lung function, remains unclear. This study aimed to report on the prevalence of overweight and obesity and assess their impacts on spirometry parameters in asthmatic patients. Methods: In this multicentre, retrospective study, we reviewed the demographic data and spirometry results of all adult patients with confirmed diagnoses of asthma who visited the studied hospitals’ pulmonary clinics between January 2016 and October 2022. Results: In total, 684 patients with confirmed diagnoses of asthma were included in the final analysis, of whom 74% were female, with a mean ± SD age of 47 ± 16 years. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among patients with asthma was 31.1% and 46.0%, respectively. There was a significant decline in spirometry results in obese patients with asthma compared with patients with healthy weights. Furthermore, body mass index (BMI) was negatively correlated with forced vital capacity (FVC) (L), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced expiratory flow at 25–75% (FEF 25–75%) L/s and peak expiratory flow (PEF) L/s (r = −0.22, p < 0.001; r = −0.17, p < 0.001; r = −0.15, p < 0.001; r = −0.12, p < 0.01, respectively). Following adjustments for confounders, a higher BMI was independently associated with lower FVC (B −0.02 [95% CI −0.028, −0.01, p < 0.001] and lower FEV1 (B −0.01 [95% CI −0.01, −0.001, p < 0.05]. Conclusions: Overweight and obesity are highly prevalent in asthma patients, and more importantly, they can reduce lung function, characterised mainly by reduced FEV1 and FVC. These observations highlight the importance of implementing a nonpharmacological approach (i.e., weight loss) as part of the treatment plan for patients with asthma to improve lung function.