Graphene Oxide, Carbon Nanotubes, and Polyelectrolytes-Based Impedanciometric E-Tongue for Estrogen Detection in Complex Matrices

Author:

Reis Tiago12ORCID,Fino Maria Helena2,Raposo Maria1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Laboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal

2. Centre for Technology and Systems (LASI-CTS), UNINOVA, Department of Electrotechnical and Computer Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal

Abstract

Currently, it is necessary to maintain the quality of aquifers and water bodies, which means the need for sensors that detect molecules as emerging pollutants (EPs) at low concentrations in aqueous complex solutions. In this work, an electronic tongue (e-tongue) prototype was developed to detect 17β-estradiol in tap water. To achieve such a prototype, an array of sensors was prepared. Each sensor consists of a solid support with interdigitated electrodes without or with thin films prepared with graphene oxide, nanotubes, and other polyelectrolytes molecules adsorbed on them. To collect data from each sensor, impedance spectroscopy was used to analyze the electrical characteristics of samples of estrogen solutions with different concentrations. To analyze the collected data from the sensors, principal components analysis (PCA) method was used to create a three-dimensional plane using the calculated principal components, namely PC1 and PC2, and the estrogen concentration values. Then, damped least squares (DLS) was used to find the optimal values for the hyperplane calibration, as the sensitivity of this e-tongue was not represented by a straight line but by a surface. For the collected data, from nanotubes and graphene oxide sensors, a calibration curve for concentration given by the 10PC1×0.492−PC2×0.14–14.5 surface was achieved. This e-tongue presented a detection limit of 10−16 M of 17β-estradiol in tap water.

Funder

Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia

Bilateral Project entitled “Deteção de Estrogénio um Contaminante Emergente-em Corpos Hídricos” within the scope of “Cooperação Transnacional_FCT (Portugal)-CAPES (Brazil) 2018”

Publisher

MDPI AG

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