Preserving Cultural Heritage: Enhancing Limestone Durability with Nano-TiO2 Coating

Author:

Ilieș Dorina Camelia1ORCID,Apopei Andrei-Ionuț2ORCID,Ilieș Alexandru1ORCID,Caciora Tudor1ORCID,Zharas Berdenov3ORCID,Hodor Nicolaie4,Turza Alexandru5ORCID,Hassan Thowayeb H.67ORCID,Barbu-Tudoran Lucian8,Pereș Ana Cornelia9ORCID,Ratiu Mariana10ORCID,Safarov Bahodirhon11ORCID,Bilalov Bahadur12ORCID,Gligor Emil-Traian13

Affiliation:

1. Department of Geography, Tourism and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Geography, Tourism and Sport, University of Oradea, 1 Universitatii Street, 410087 Oradea, Romania

2. Department of Geology, Faculty of Geography and Geology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași, 700505 Iași, Romania

3. Faculty of Science, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, 2 Satpayev Street, Nur-Sultan 010008, Kazakhstan

4. Faculty of Geography, “Babes-Bolyai” University, 5-6 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania

5. National Institute for R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania

6. Social Studies Department, College of Arts, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia

7. Tourism Studies Department, Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management, Helwan University, Cairo 12612, Egypt

8. Electron Microscopy Center “Prof. C. Craciun”, Faculty of Biology & Geology, “Babes-Bolyai” University, 5-7 Clinicilor Str., 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania

9. Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, Magheru Street 26, 410087 Oradea, Romania

10. Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automotive, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania

11. Department of Digital Economy, Samarkand Branch of Tashkent State University of Economics, Samarkand 140105, Uzbekistan

12. Department of Tourism Business, Azerbaijan University of Tourism and Management, Baku 1172, Azerbaijan

13. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Construction, Cadastre and Architecture, University of Oradea, 410058 Oradea, Romania

Abstract

External and internal microclimatic conditions, biodeterioration, anthropogenic factors, etc, influence the natural stone support for artifacts and built heritage. Based on this fact, the present study explores the effectiveness of nano-TiO2 in preserving and enhancing the durability of natural stone used in the façades of heritage buildings, focusing on the Markovits-Mathéser House in Oradea Municipality, Romania. The investigation involved treating rock samples (fossiliferous limestone) with 2% and 5% nano-TiO2 solutions and subjecting them to simulated extreme climatic conditions for the analyzed area in a controlled climatic chamber for six months. The treated samples demonstrated a significantly higher compressive strength than untreated benchmarks. SEM analyses confirmed that nano-TiO2 formed a protective layer, filling micro-cracks and pores, thereby enhancing the stone’s resistance to environmental stressors. The study also found that the nanoparticle coating maintained its integrity under extreme temperature and humidity variations, with only a slight decrease in surface coverage. These findings suggest that nano-TiO2 coatings significantly improve heritage building materials’ mechanical properties and longevity. However, the study highlights the importance of careful application and long-term evaluation to ensure environmental and health safety. Overall, nano-TiO2 presents a promising solution for the conservation of cultural heritage, offering enhanced durability and protection against climatic and environmental challenges. Further research is recommended to optimize application workflow and formulations for broader and more effective use in heritage conservation.

Funder

Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia

Publisher

MDPI AG

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