Differentiated Effect of Smoking on Disease Activity and Quality of Life among Different Spondyloarthritis Phenotypes

Abstract

Background and aims: The effect of smoking on disease activity and quality of life (QoL) in spondyloarthritis (SpA) is far from clear. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between smoking and these outcomes in patients with axial SpA (axSpA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Patients and methods: This cross-sectional observational multicenter study included 242 patients with axSpA and 90 with PsA. The association between conventional cardiovascular risk factors and disease activity as well as QoL, in both SpA phenotypes was evaluated. For this, univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed, as well as confirmatory meta-analyses. Results: Regardless of age, sex, or disease duration, patients with axSpA showed significantly less association with obesity (OR 0.50 (0.26–0.96), p = 0.03) and hypertension (OR 0.33 (0.18–0.62), p = 0.0005). However, axSpA was significantly associated with smoking (OR 2.62 (1.36–5.04), p = 0.004). Patients with axSpA were more likely to be in a category of high disease activity compared with PsA (OR 2.86, p = 0.0006). Regardless of sex, age, disease duration, and education level, smoking was significantly associated with higher disease activity in axSpA (OR 1.88, p = 0.027). A fixed-effects model meta-analysis (OR 1.70, p = 0.038) confirmed the association between tobacco and disease activity. No relationship was found between smoking (or other cardiometabolic risk factors) and structural damage or worse QoL in either disease. Conclusions: Although the cardiometabolic risk profile is clearly different between both SpA phenotypes, the only clear link between these factors and increased disease activity was observed between smoking and axSpA. Our findings need further confirmation.