Analysis of Activity in an Open-Pit Mine by Using InSAR Coherence-Based Normalized Difference Activity Index

Abstract

In this study, time-series of Sentinel-1A/B Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) coherence images were used to monitor the mining activity of Musan open-pit mine, the largest iron mine in North Korea. First, the subtraction of SRTM DEM (2000) from TanDEM-X DEM (2010–2015) has identified two major accumulation areas, one in the east (+112.33 m) and the other in the west (+84.03 m), and a major excavation area (−42.54 m) at the center of the mine. A total of 89 high-quality coherence images with a 12-day baseline from 2015 to 2020 were converted to the normalized difference activity index (NDAI), a newly developed activity indicator robust to spatial and temporal decorrelation. An RGB composite of annually averaged NDAI maps (red for 2019, green for 2018, and blue for 2017) showed that overall activity has diminished since 2018. Dumping slopes were categorized into shrinking, expanding, or transitional, according to the color pattern. Migration and expansion of excavation sites were also found on the pit floor. Time series of 12-day NDAI graphs revealed the date of activities with monthly accuracy. It is believed that NDAI with continuous acquisition of Sentinel-1A/B data can provide detailed monitoring of various types of activities in open-pit mines especially with limited in situ data.