Hydrometallurgical Extraction of Valuable Metals by Mixed Acid Leaching System for Used Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Lithium-ion battery recycling includes discharging and processing exhausted batteries to recover valuable metals for reuse in new battery production. The improper disposal of e-waste draws attention to the possibility of reprocessing used lithium-ion batteries to make progress in recovering valuable metals. In this study, using biodegradable mixed organic acids, valuable metals were extracted from used batteries by a hydrometallurgical process under optimal conditions such as a stirring speed of 200 rpm, mixed acid concentration of ascorbic acid/citric acid (AA/CA) of 50:50 mM, temperature of 50 °C, time of 50 min, and slurry density of 20 g/L. Kinetic studies verified that the apparent activation energies, 43.6, 70.5, 49.8, 60.6, 45, and 6 kJ/mol, and surface chemical reactions controlled the leaching process for Li, Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu from cathode powder obtained from used LIBs. XRD and FT-IR confirmed the crystalline nature of the cathode powder. UV–visible spectra showed a Co(II) complex with λmax at 380 nm by reduction of the Co(III) complex. Lithium was recovered by LiF and as MnO2 using ammonium persulfate. Our efforts aimed to recover it through an economical and environmentally friendly approach.