Regional Variations in Pesticide Residue Detection Rates and Concentrations in Saudi Arabian Crops
Author:
Alokail Majed S.1, Abd-Alrahman Sherif H.2, Alnaami Abdullah M.3, Hussain Syed D.3, Amer Osama E.3ORCID, Elhalwagy Manal E. A.4ORCID, Al-Daghri Nasser M.3ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia 2. Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Department of Pesticides Residues and Environmental Pollution, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt 3. Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia 4. Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Department of Mammalian Toxicology, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
Abstract
There is a scarcity of evidence on the levels of pesticide residues among common crops grown in the different regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The present study aims to fill this gap. We collected samples across four regions of KSA (N = 41 from the west, N = 146 from the central, N = 131 from the north and N = 74 samples from the east). Food samples were extracted and cleaned using the modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) methodology. Tandem mass (LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS) was used to detect pesticide residues. The highest pesticide residue detection rate was 89.7% in the central region, followed by 88.5% in the north, 83.8% in the east and 70.7% in the western region (p = 0.01). Pesticide residue detection rates were significantly higher in fruits than vegetables (p = 0.02). Cypermethrin detection was most common overall, particularly in the Western region (p = 0.002), and pyraclostrobin concentration was the highest among all residues investigated. In conclusion, high detection rates of moderately hazardous pesticide residues were found in various crops across regions in KSA. Routine biomonitoring programs across KSA regions should be implemented, as well as public health campaigns to decrease pesticide residue consumption and exposure.
Funder
National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Subject
Chemical Health and Safety,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis,Toxicology
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