Affiliation:
1. Hubei Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
2. Key Laboratory of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
3. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
4. School of Resources & Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
Abstract
In this study, we compared the concentrations of the heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb in the surface soils of urban parks in Wuhan, Hubei Province, with those in the surface soils of urban parks worldwide. The soil contamination data were assessed using enrichment factors and spatial analysis of heavy metals using inverse distance weighting and quantitative analysis of heavy metal sources with a positive definite matrix factor (PMF) receptor model. Further, a probabilistic health risk assessment of children and adults using Monte Carlo simulation was performed. The average Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb concentrations in the surface soils of urban parks were 2.52, 58.74, 31.39, 186.28, 27.00, and 34.89 mg·kg−1, respectively, which exceeded the average soil background values in Hubei. From the inverse distance spatial interpolation map, heavy metal contamination was primarily observed to be present to the southwest of the main urban area. The PMF model resolved four sources: mixed traffic and industrial emission, natural, agricultural, and traffic sources, with relative contributions of 23.9%, 19.3%, 23.4%, and 33.4%, respectively. The Monte Carlo health risk evaluation model demonstrated negligible noncancer risks for both adult and child populations, whereas the health effects of Cd and Cr on children were a concern for cancer risks.
Funder
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Science & Technology Project of Education Department, Hubei Province, China
Training Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates of Yangtze University
Open Fund of Key Labo ratory of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources (Yangtze University), Ministry of Education of China
Subject
Chemical Health and Safety,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis,Toxicology