Geographic Variations in the Toxin Profile of the Xanthid Crab Zosimus aeneus in a Single Reef on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan

Abstract

Toxic crabs of the family Xanthidae contain saxitoxins (STXs) and/or tetrodotoxin (TTX), but the toxin ratio differs depending on their habitat. In the present study, to clarify within reef variations in the toxin profile of xanthid crabs, we collected specimens of the toxic xanthid crab Zosimus aeneus and their sampling location within a single reef (Yoshihara reef) on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, in 2018 and 2019. The STXs/TTX content within the appendages and viscera or stomach contents of each specimen was determined by instrumental analyses. Our findings revealed the existence of three zones in Yoshihara reef; one in which many individuals accumulate extremely high concentrations of STXs (northwestern part of the reef; NW zone), another in which individuals generally have small amounts of TTX but little STXs (central part of the reef; CTR zone), and a third in which individuals generally exhibit intermediate characteristics (southeastern part of the reef; SE zone). Furthermore, light microscopic observations of the stomach contents of crab specimens collected from the NW and CTR zones revealed that ascidian spicules of the genus Lissoclinum were dominant in the NW zone, whereas those of the genus Trididemnum were dominant in the CTR zone. Although the toxicity of these ascidians is unknown, Lissoclinum ascidians are considered good candidate source organisms of STXs harbored by toxic xanthid crabs.