Chemical Profile and Bioactivity of Rubus idaeus L. Fruits Grown in Conventional and Aeroponic Systems

Abstract

Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is a fruit of great interest due to its aroma, nutritional properties, and the presence of many bioactive compounds. However, differences among cultivation systems can affect its composition and, consequently, its potential bioactivity. Herein, for the first time, raspberries grown in an aeroponic system were investigated for their chemical profile and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, as well as their enzyme (α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase) inhibitory properties in comparison to wild and conventionally cultivated fruits. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) analyses revealed the presence of gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutin, and catechin in all the samples. The extracts exhibited in vitro anti-inflammatory activity (inhibition of nitric oxide production) regardless of the cultivation method. Of particular interest is the ability of raspberries to inhibit pancreatic lipase. With the exception of the β-carotene bleaching test, the raspberries grown in conventional and aeroponic systems were more active in terms of antioxidants than wild fruits, as evidenced by the ABTS (IC50 in the range 1.6–3.4 μg/mL), DPPH (IC50 in the range 8.9–28.3 μg/mL), and FRAP tests (24.6–44.9 μM Fe(II)/g). The raspberries from aeroponic cultivation were generally able to exert the same bioactivity as those obtained from both conventionally cultivated and wild fruits, supporting the consideration that in the future, this technology could reshape agriculture by mitigating resource constraints, fostering sustainable practices and increasing yields.