Two New Steroidal Saponins with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effects from the Aerial Parts of Gnetum formosum Markgr.
Author:
Hieu Ngo Van12, Vinh Le Ba3ORCID, Phong Nguyen Viet34ORCID, Cong Pham Van1, Dat Nguyen Tien1, Dan Nguyen Van1, Duc Ngo Viet1, Tao Hoang Minh1ORCID, Tam Le Thi1, Anh Le Tuan5ORCID, Cuong Nguyen Cao6ORCID, Tai Bui Huu3, Yang Seo Young4ORCID, Tuan Anh Hoang Le12
Affiliation:
1. Center for High Technology Research and Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 10072, Vietnam 2. Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 10072, Vietnam 3. Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 10072, Vietnam 4. Department of Biology Education, Teachers College and Institute for Phylogenomics and Evolution, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea 5. Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 10072, Vietnam 6. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Yersin University, Da Lat 66100, Vietnam
Abstract
Gnetum formosum Markgr., a member of the Gnetaceae family, is distributed in Vietnam. This plant remains a botanical enigma with an unexplored diversity of chemical constituents and pharmacological effects. In this study, two new steroidal saponins, namely gnetumosides A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the aerial parts of G. formosum. Their chemical structures were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques, including high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) and NMR, along with chemical hydrolysis and comparison with the reported literature. The potential anti-inflammatory effects of the isolated compounds were evaluated by measuring lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production in murine macrophage cells. Notably, compound 1 exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity (IC50 = 14.10 ± 0.75 µM), comparable to dexamethasone. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying the observed anti-inflammatory effects were investigated through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins. This study is the first to investigate the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of G. formosum.
Funder
Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
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