Quantitative Analysis of the Complex Time Evolution of a Camphor Boat

Abstract

The motion of a camphor boat on the water’s surface is a long-studied example of the direct transformation of chemical energy into a mechanical one. Recent experimental papers have reported a complex character of boat motion depending on the location of the camphor source. If the source is close to the stern, the boat moves at a constant speed. When it is shifted towards the boat center, oscillations of speed are observed. When the source is close to the boat center, pulses of speed followed by oscillations appear. Here, we focus on numerical simulations of camphor boat motion. We discuss approximations that allow us to reduce the numerical complexity of the problem and formulate a model in which the equation for boat velocity is coupled with a one-dimensional reaction–diffusion equation for camphor surface concentration. We scanned the phase space of model parameters and found the values that give qualitative agreement with the experiments. The model predicts all types of boat motion (continuous, oscillating, and pulsating) observed in experiments. Moreover, the model with selected parameter values shows that for specific locations of the camphor source, a spike in speed is followed by transient oscillations, which are an inherent part of speed relaxation.