Effect of Special Low-Protein Foods Consumption in the Dietary Pattern and Biochemical Profile of Patients with Inborn Errors of Protein Metabolism: Application of a Database of Special Low-Protein Foods

Abstract

In inborn errors of intermediate protein metabolism (IEM), the effect of special low-protein foods (SLPFs) on dietary intake has been scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to compare the nutritional profile of SLPFs with usual foods and to assess whether their intake determines the dietary pattern and affects the plasma biochemical profile in children with IEMs with different protein restrictions. A database with the nutritional composition of 250 SLPFs was created. A total of 59 children with IEMs were included in this cross-sectional observational study. The greatest significant differences in macronutrient composition were observed between dairy, meat, fish, and egg SLPFs and regular foods. After stratifying subjects by SLPFs, the participants with the highest intake (>32%) had a higher total energy intake and lower intake of natural protein than those in the lowest tertile (<24%) (p < 0.05). However, when stratifying subjects by dairy SLPF intake, children in the highest tertile (>5%) showed a higher intake of sugars, total and saturated fats, and higher plasma levels of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than those in the first tertile (<1%) (p < 0.05). The variability in the nutritional composition of SLPFs highlights the need for up-to-date databases which would greatly assist in optimizing individualized recommendations for children with IEMs and protein restrictions.