UAV-Based Classification of Intercropped Forage Cactus: A Comparison of RGB and Multispectral Sample Spaces Using Machine Learning in an Irrigated Area

Abstract

Precision agriculture requires accurate methods for classifying crops and soil cover in agricultural production areas. The study aims to evaluate three machine learning-based classifiers to identify intercropped forage cactus cultivation in irrigated areas using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). It conducted a comparative analysis between multispectral and visible Red-Green-Blue (RGB) sampling, followed by the efficiency analysis of Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Random Forest (RF) algorithms. The classification targets included exposed soil, mulching soil cover, developed and undeveloped forage cactus, moringa, and gliricidia in the Brazilian semiarid. The results indicated that the KNN and RF algorithms outperformed other methods, showing no significant differences according to the kappa index for both Multispectral and RGB sample spaces. In contrast, the GMM showed lower performance, with kappa index values of 0.82 and 0.78, compared to RF 0.86 and 0.82, and KNN 0.86 and 0.82. The KNN and RF algorithms performed well, with individual accuracy rates above 85% for both sample spaces. Overall, the KNN algorithm demonstrated superiority for the RGB sample space, whereas the RF algorithm excelled for the multispectral sample space. Even with the better performance of multispectral images, machine learning algorithms applied to RGB samples produced promising results for crop classification.