Digital Mapping of Topsoil Texture Classes Using a Hybridized Classical Statistics–Artificial Neural Networks Approach and Relief Data

Abstract

The demand for high quality and low-cost spatial distribution information of soil texture classes (STCs) is of great necessity in developing countries. This paper explored digital mapping of topsoil STCs using soil fractions, terrain attributes and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms. The 4493 soil samples covering 10 out of 12 STCs were collected from the rice fields of the Guilan Province of Northern Iran. Nearly 75% of the dataset was used to train the ANN algorithm and the remaining 25% to apply a repeated 10-fold cross-validation. Spatial prediction of soil texture fractions was carried out via geostatistics and then a pixel-based approach with an ANN algorithm was performed to predict STCs. The ANN presented reasonable accuracy in estimating USDA STCs with a kappa coefficient of 0.38 and pixel classification accuracy percentage of 52%. Hybridizing soil particles with relief covariates yielded better estimates for coarse- and medium-STCs. The results also showed that clay particle and terrain attributes are more important covariates than plant indices in areas under single crop cultivation. However, it is recommended to examine the approach in areas with diverse vegetation cover.