Pilot Scale Production of Single Cell Oil by Apiotrichum brassicae and Pichia kudriavzevii from Acetic Acid and Propionic Acid

Abstract

Volatile fatty acids can be used as a cheap carbon source for biotechnological lipid production with oleaginous yeasts, but one factor limiting their large-scale use is their inherent cytotoxicity. Developing a suitable cultivation strategy can help mitigate the adverse effect volatile fatty acids have, since these effects are strongly dependent on concentration and pH. This work shows that, by employing a pH-stat fed-batch approach for the cultivation of Apiotrichum brassicae V134 and Pichia kudriavzevii V194, lipid contents above 56 g/100 g dry cell weight and dry cell weight concentrations above 30 g/L can be reached. Furthermore, volumetric lipid productivities up to 0.29 g/Lh could be achieved using acetic and propionic acid as a sole carbon source. It was also demonstrated that the developed process is robust and scalable. Scale-up to the 500 L scale resulted in a similar lipid yield, dry cell weight (31–37 g/L), and single cell oil content (56 g/100 g dry cell weight–58 g/100 g dry cell weight). The main fatty acid present in the produced lipids was oleic acid (36–43%), but also odd-numbered fatty acids, especially heptadecanoic acid (7–15%), were present. Additionally, different methods for the pretreatment of biomass prior to lipid extraction were assessed, and the iodine value (48), peroxide value (7.3), and acid value (4.3) of the extracted single cell oil were determined.