Microbial-Derived Carotenoids and Their Health Benefits

Abstract

Natural carotenoids (CARs) such as β-carotene, astaxanthin, lutein, norbixin, bixin, capsanthin, lycopene, β-Apo-8-carotenal, canthaxanthin, β-apo-8-carotenal-ester, and zeaxanthin are being explored for possible applications in feed, food, cosmeceuticals, and nutraceuticals. Three primary areas of carotenoid research are emerging: (1) encapsulations for improved chemical and physical properties; (2) natural source carotenoid manufacturing; and (3) preclinical, epidemiological, and clinical studies of carotenoids’ potential health benefits. The recent advancements in research on the chemistry and antioxidant activity, marketing strategies, dietary sources, bioavailability, and bioaccessibility, extraction, dietary consumption, encapsulating techniques, and health advantages of carotenoids are all extensively discussed in this review. Carotenoids are pigments found naturally in most fruits and vegetables, algae, plants, and photosynthetic bacteria. Carotenoids cannot be synthesized by humans and must be consumed in the form of food or supplements. There are several roles for carotenoids in human health. Although individual carotenoids may function in different ways, their main action is to act as antioxidants. There are validated techniques for separating and purifying carotenoids, yet, industrial production requires the development of economically viable techniques for larger-scale implementation. Carotenoids have been shown to boost cognitive performance and cardiovascular health, as well as help prevent some types of cancer. Despite evidence for carotenoids’ health benefits, major population-based supplementation trials have yielded conflicting outcomes for several carotenoids. This review includes recent developments in carotenoid metabolism and nutritional and health advantages. It also offers an outlook on future directions in these areas.