Biogasoline Obtained Using Catalytic Pyrolysis of Desmodesmus sp. Microalgae: Comparison between Dry Biomass and n-Hexane Extract

Abstract

The present work deals with the production of hydrocarbons in the C5–C12 range obtained from the fast micropyrolysis of a laboratory-grown Desmodesmus sp. microalgae. It compares the properties of this specific fraction of hydrocarbons using or not using transition alumina catalysts during pyrolysis in experiments with both pure dried microalgae and its n-hexane extract. The microalgae were characterised using thermogravimetry (TG) and CHN analysis; the n-hexane extract was analysed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The pyrolysis experiments were performed in a multi-shot pyrolyser connected online with a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The composition of the C5–C12 fraction was compared to that of an industrial pyrolysis gasoline. The results of pyrolysis at 600 °C show that the alumina catalyst increases the quantity of C5–C12 hydrocarbon families when compared to purely thermal pyrolysis, representing about 40% of all the dry microalgae pyrolysis products. In the case of n-hexane extract, the C5–C12 area fraction corresponds to 33.5% of the whole products’ area when pyrolysis is conducted with an alumina catalyst. A detailed analysis shows that linear molecules, mainly unsaturated, are predominant in the products. Dry biomass formed more aromatic but less cyclic and alkylated molecules in relation to the n-hexane extract. Nitrogen products, essentially alkylated pyrroles, were produced in large quantities when dry biomass was used but were below the detection limit when pyrolysing the extracts. Thus, the extraction with hexane proved to be an effective way to remove nitrogen compounds, which are undesirable in fuels. The estimated low heating values of the present C5–C12 pyrolysis hydrocarbon fractions (between 43 and 44 MJ/kg) are quite comparable to the reported values for reformulated and conventional industrial gasolines (42 and 43 MJ/kg, respectively).