Viscoelastic Strains of Palaeozoic Shales under the Burger’s Model Description

Abstract

This article presents the results of creep studies of Palaeozoic shales from the Baltic Basin in which the exploitation of shale gas in Poland was planned. Knowledge of instantaneous and long-term properties investigated in triaxial stress conditions is important from the point of view of exploitation techniques related to hydraulic fracturing. Rheological phenomena also play an important role in the analysis of the initial stress in shales, the knowledge of which is indispensable in the hydraulic fracturing process. The tests were carried out on samples representing four siltstone–claystone lithostratigraphic units occurring in the Baltic Basin. The studies and analyses were aimed at determining the character of creep in shales, selection of the appropriate rheological model for the analyzed rocks, and determination of the threshold of the linear creep under triaxial compression conditions. An original approach together with analysis results are presented here, which enable the separation and monitoring of shear and volume creep effects, and on this basis, the determination of the significance of the contribution of volume creep in the entire creep process. A relatively simple methodology for determination of the parameters of the Burgers model using this division is presented. The original value of the article is also due to the test results themselves and the parameter values of the analyzed model for triaxial creep of shales, which are not numerous in the literature. The investigations were performed at various loading levels in relation to the triaxial strength of the shales. Depending on the load, at its low values up to 0.7 (σ1 − σ3)max, creep had a determined character and did not show features of progressive creep. The linear creep threshold was also analyzed in this range. The loading level of 0.7 (σ1 − σ3)max was the limit of linear creep. Exceeding this load resulted in the loss of the linear character of creep, which in consequence lead to the subsequent third creep phase ending with rock damage. Parameters of the Burger’s model for gas shales from the Baltic Basin (northern Poland) were identified. There are significant differences in the behavior of shales depending on the lithostratigraphic unit from which the samples were collected. The mineral composition of the shales also influenced their behavior.