A Diagonal Movement Pattern of Arm Elevation and Depression in Overhead Throwing Athletes: An Exploratory Kinematic Analysis for Clinical Application

Author:

Morais Nuno12ORCID,Ferreira Joana3,Gordo Jéssica4,Vilas-Boas João Paulo5ORCID,Pascoal Augusto G.6ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), School of Health Sciences (ESSLei), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal

2. Saúde Positiva, Clínica de Saúde Física e Mental, Rua Capitão Lebre 55, 3810-384 Aveiro, Portugal

3. Independent Researcher, Rua das Poças, n° 123, Texugueira, Bidoeira de Cima, 2415-009 Leiria, Portugal

4. FisioStudio–Gabinete de Fisioterapia Ana Bárbara, Urbanização Vale da Fonte, Rua dos Costas, R. do Vale Sepal Lt. 4, 2415-567 Leiria, Portugal

5. Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal

6. Biomechanics and Functional Morphology Laboratory (BFML), Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz-Quebrada-Dafundo, 1499-002 Lisboa, Portugal

Abstract

Assessing scapular position and motion during functional arm movement patterns may add relevant information to the evaluation of the clinical status and athletic performance of overhead sports athletes’ shoulders. This study aimed to examine the three-dimensional scapular kinematics of elite volleyball players with (n = 11) and without scapular dyskinesis (n = 11) in comparison to non-athletes (n = 27). Four distinct arm elevation/depression tasks were assessed: shoulder abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, scaption, and a diagonal movement pattern mimicking throwing (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation diagonal 2 for flexion/extension or PNF–D2–flx/ext). Kinematic data was recorded from the spiking/dominant shoulder using an electromagnetic system (FASTRAK, Polhemus Inc., Colchester, VT, USA); MotionMonitor v9 software, Innovative Sports Training, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The study compared scapular rotations at 15° intervals of humero-thoracic (HT) angles, ranging from minimum to 120°. Significantly different 3D scapular kinematics were observed between traditional arm motion tasks and PNF–D2 arm motion task (HT angle × task interaction effect, p < 0.001, 0.275 ≤ ηp2 ≤ 0.772). However, when considering the combined influence of phase, HT angle, task, and group factors, no differences were found between groups (phase × HT angle × task × group, p ≥ 0.161, 0.032 ≤ ηp2 ≤ 0.058). The inclusion of a functional arm movement pattern when evaluating scapular position and movement in overhead athletes does not appear to be mandatory. However, these findings are preliminary and highlight the need for more research in this area.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes,Computer Science Applications,Process Chemistry and Technology,General Engineering,Instrumentation,General Materials Science

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