A Prediction Model for the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete Based on Mix Design and Compaction Energy Variables Using the Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

Pervious concrete is desirable for water drainage in building systems, but achieving both high strength and good permeability can be challenging. Also, the importance of compaction energy is significant in determining the efficiency of pervious concrete. However, research on the development of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) prediction models for pervious concrete materials that incorporate compaction energy parameters remains unexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to balance strength and permeability while optimizing the compaction energy required for concrete production. A Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to design experiments within the response surface methodology (RSM) and evaluate the UCS, the porosity and permeability of pervious concrete specimens produced with varying cement content (280.00–340.00 kg/m3), the water-to-cement ratio (0.27–0.33), the aggregate-to-cement ratio (4:1–4.5:1), and compaction energy (represented by VeBe compaction time, 13–82 s). A regression model with goodness of fit (R2adjusted > 0.87) was calibrated to estimate the UCS of pervious concrete as a function of mix design parameters and VeBe compaction time (Tvc). This model can potentially guide field practices by recommending compaction strategies and mix designs for pervious concrete, achieving a desirable balance between mechanical strength and hydraulic permeability for building construction applications.