Compressive Strength and Resistance to Sulphate Attack of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Lithium Slag, and Steel Slag Alkali-Activated Materials

Abstract

Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are favoured for their low carbon emissions, excellent mechanical properties, and excellent chemical resistance. In this paper, ternary alkali-activated cementitious materials were prepared from slag, steel slag, and lithium slag to investigate their strength and resistance to sulphate attack. A series of experiments were conducted using a variety of material combinations, alkali activator combinations, water–binder ratios, and exposure environments. These experiments employed both macro and micro comparative analyses. The hydration reaction products, physical phase composition, and microstructure of the ground granulated furnace slag, lithium slag, and steel slag (GLS) ternary AAMs were analysed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). It was experimentally demonstrated that the GLS ternary AAMs had excellent compressive strength, good resistance to sodium sulphate erosion, and that resistance to magnesium sulphate erosion decreased with time. This study contributes to the advancement of knowledge regarding the utilisation of lithium slag and steel slag, and offers new insights into the field of alkali-activated cementitious materials and their resistance to sulphate erosion.