Identifying Problematic Soils Using Compressibility and Suction Characteristics

Abstract

The major problematic soils in semi-arid regions include expansive soils and collapsible soils. These two types of soils cause problems and are hazardous for buildings when moisture is introduced following a dry or semi-dry season. In order to assess the risk and damage likely to occur, a protocol of investigation needs to be considered by geotechnical engineers to quantify and assess the possible heave or collapse that may occur. The characterization and prediction of unsaturated soil behavior in semi-arid areas can now be enabled following the advancement of unsaturated soil mechanics. Heave is associated with the wetting of expansive soils, while excessive settlement or the sudden loss of support may occur when water is introduced to collapsible soils. This work calls for more than one parameter for the assessment of problematic soils to avoid misleading predictions based on a single test. This study presents an investigation of two sets of soil samples obtained from semi-arid areas in Saudi Arabia known for their collapsible or expansive nature. Tests under controlled suction and variable effective stress were conducted. The air entry values, inflection points, and residual points were established and compared for the two problematic soils. A series of oedometer tests was conducted for typical soils, and settlement and collapse were measured and assessed. The swell potential for the tested clays varied from 4% to 22%. It is possible to integrate the data from the soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) and compressibility tests with any project specification and applied stresses to produce reliable recommendations for the construction and protection of structures in hazardous soils.