Alterations in Measures of Body Composition, Neuromuscular Performance, Hormonal Levels, Physiological Adaptations, and Psychometric Outcomes during Preparation for Physique Competition: A Systematic Review of Case Studies
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Published:2023-05-08
Issue:2
Volume:8
Page:59
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ISSN:2411-5142
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Container-title:Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
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language:en
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Short-container-title:JFMK
Author:
Schoenfeld Brad J.1, Androulakis-Korakakis Patroklos1, Piñero Alec1ORCID, Burke Ryan1ORCID, Coleman Max1, Mohan Adam E.1, Escalante Guillermo2ORCID, Rukstela Alexa3ORCID, Campbell Bill3ORCID, Helms Eric45ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA 2. Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA 3. Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA 4. Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand 5. Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
Abstract
The present paper aimed to systematically review case studies on physique athletes to evaluate longitudinal changes in measures of body composition, neuromuscular performance, chronic hormonal levels, physiological adaptations, and psychometric outcomes during pre-contest preparation. We included studies that (1) were classified as case studies involving physique athletes during the pre-contest phase of their competitive cycle; (2) involved adults (18+ years of age) as participants; (3) were published in an English-language peer-reviewed journal; (4) had a pre-contest duration of at least 3 months; (5) reported changes across contest preparation relating to measures of body composition (fat mass, lean mass, and bone mineral density), neuromuscular performance (strength and power), chronic hormonal levels (testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, leptin, and ghrelin), physiological adaptations (maximal aerobic capacity, resting energy expenditure, heart rate, blood pressure, menstrual function, and sleep quality), and/or psychometric outcomes (mood states and food desire). Our review ultimately included 11 case studies comprising 15 ostensibly drug-free athletes (male = 8, female = 7) who competed in various physique-oriented divisions including bodybuilding, figure, and bikini. The results indicated marked alterations across the array of analyzed outcomes, sometimes with high inter-individual variability and divergent sex-specific responses. The complexities and implications of these findings are discussed herein.
Subject
Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine,Histology,Rheumatology,Anatomy
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