Eco-Friendly Mechanochemical Preparation of Ag2O–MnO2/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite: An Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for the Base-Free, Aerial Oxidation of Alcohols

Abstract

Recently, the development of eco-friendly mechanochemical approaches for the preparation of novel catalysts with enhanced activity and selectivity has gained considerable attention. Herein, we developed a rapid and solvent-less mechanochemical method for the preparation of mixed metal oxide (Ag2O–MnO2) decorated graphene oxide (GRO)-based nanocomposites (Ag2O–MnO2/(X wt.%)GRO), as the Ag2O–MnO2/(X wt.%)GRO nanocomposite was fabricated by the physical grinding of freshly prepared GRO and pre-annealed (300 °C) mixed metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) (Ag2O–MnO2) using an eco-friendly milling procedure. The as-prepared nanocatalysts were characterized by using various techniques. Furthermore, the nanocomposites were applied as a heterogeneous catalyst for the oxidation of alcohol by employing gaseous O2 as an eco-friendly oxidant under base-free conditions. The mechanochemically obtained GRO-based composite exhibited noticeable enhancement in the surface area and catalytic performance compared to the pristine Ag2O–MnO2. The results revealed that (1%)Ag2O–MnO2/(5 wt.%)GRO catalyst exhibited higher specific performance (13.3 mmol·g−1·h−1) with a 100% conversion of benzyl alcohol (BnOH) and >99% selectivity towards benzaldehyde (BnH) within 30 min. The enhancement of the activity and selectivity of GRO-based nanocatalyst was attributed to the presence of various oxygen-containing functional groups, a large number of defects, and a high specific surface area of GRO. In addition, the as-prepared nanocatalyst also demonstrated excellent catalytic activity towards the conversion of a variety of other alcohols to respective carbonyls under optimal conditions. Besides, the catalyst ((1%)Ag2O–MnO2/(5 wt.%)GRO) could be efficiently recycled six times with no noticeable loss in its performance and selectivity.