l-Lysine-Based Gelators for the Formation of Gels in Water and Alcohol–Water Mixtures

Abstract

Nα, Nε-diacyl-l-lysine and its derivatives are excellent candidates to be used as gelators for the formation of various gels, such as hydrogels, organogels or oleogels, and ionogels. A series of alkali metal salts (Na+ and K+) of four Nα, Nε-diacyl-l-lysines (acyl including octanoyl, decanoyl, lauroyl and myristoyl) were used to study the gelation behaviors in water and alcohol–water mixtures. l-lysine-based derivatives with long-chain acyl can act as gelators to gel water and alcohol–water mixtures. In contrast, octanoyl and decanoyl derivatives cannot form gels in all solvent systems. Gelation ability, rheological behavior, and morphology vary with the molecular structure of the gelator and the nature of the solvents, as hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding are responsible for the formation of gels. In general, sodium salts performed better in forming gels than their corresponding potassium salts, and myristoyl derivatives were beneficial for gel formation. Although it is challenging to form gels in t-butanol–water mixtures, the formed gels show high mechanical strength.