Affiliation:
1. College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
3. College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
4. College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
Abstract
Uncovering the trade-offs and synergy relationship of multiple ecosystem services (ESs) is important for scientific ecosystem management and the improvement of ecological service functions. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal changes of four typical ES types (i.e., water yield (WY), carbon storage (CS), soil conservation (SC), and habitat quality (HQ)) from 2001 to 2020 in the Han River Basin (HRB). Meanwhile, the trade-offs and synergies between paired ESs and the socioecological drivers of these ESs were further explored. The results showed that grassland, cropland, and bare land decreased by 12,141.3 km2, 624.09 km2, and 22.1 km2 during the study period, respectively, which can be attributed to their conversion to forests in the HRB. Temporally, the WY, CS, and SC all showed a continuously increasing trend. Spatially, WY and HQ exhibited bipolar clustering characteristics, with WY exhibiting low-value clustering in the upstream and high-value clustering in the downstream, while CS showed the clustering characteristics of a scattered distribution of cold and hot spots from 2001 to 2020. The spatial patterns of aggregation locations in CS and HQ were relatively similar, with clusters of higher ES values mainly distributed in the western and central regions and clusters of lower ES values mainly located in the eastern and southeastern regions, while the aggregation of WY was spatially concentrated. Overall, the CS showed a significant positive correlation with HQ, but a significant negative correlation with WY. Spatially, WY and HQ, CS, and SC showed a substantial trade-off relationship in the northwest and southeast parts of the study area, while HQ, CS, and SC mainly exhibited a synergistic relationship in most parts of the study area. Slope and temperature had high influencing factor coefficients on multiple ESs; the mixed effect of terrain and natural factors was significantly greater than the impact of a single factor on ESs, and terrain factors played an essential role in the changes in ESs. The findings can provide technical and theoretical support for integrated scientific ecosystem management and sustainable development at the local scale.
Funder
Special project of science and technology innovation plan of Shaanxi Academy of Forestry Sciences
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Key R&D Plan of Shaanxi Province
Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research
Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences