Characterization of Modified Mechanically Activated Cassava Starch Magnetic Porous Microspheres and Its Adsorption for Cd(II) Ions

Abstract

The magnetic polymer microsphere is a promising adsorbent due to its high adsorption efficiency and good regeneration ability from wastewater. Cassava starch magnetic porous microspheres (AAM-MSMPMs) were synthesized by graft copolymerization in inverse emulsion. Mechanically activated cassava starch (MS) was used to graft skeletons, vinyl monomers [acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM)] as copolymerized unsaturated monomers, methyl methacrylate (MMA) as the dispersing agent, and polyethylene glycol/methanol (PEG2000/MeOH) as the porogen. It was found that the AAM-MSMPM adsorbent is superparamagnetic, the saturation magnetization is 14.9 emu·g–1, and it can be rapidly and directionally separated from Cd(II) ions in aqueous solution. The FTIR indicated that the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups were grafted into MS. The AAM-MSMPM had good speroidization and a uniform size. After the porogen was added, the particle size of the AAM-MSMPM decreased from 19.00 to 7.00 nm, and the specific surface area increased from 7.00 to 35.00 m2·g–1. The pore volume increased from 0.03 to 0.13 cm3·g–1. The AAM-MSMPM exhibited a large specific surface area and provided more adsorption active sites for Cd(II) ions. The maximum adsorption capacity of the AAM-MSMPM for Cd(II) ions was 210.68 mg·g–1, i.e., 81.02% higher than that without porogen. Additionally, the Cd(II) ion adsorption process on the AAM-MSMPM can be described by Langmuir isothermal and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. A chemical reaction dominated the Cd(II) ion adsorption process on the AAM-MSMPM, and chemisorption was the rate-controlling step during the Cd(II) ion adsorption process. The AAM-MSMPM still had excellent stability after five consecutive reuses.