Essential-Oils-Loaded Biopolymeric Nanoparticles as Strategies for Microbial and Biofilm Control: A Current Status

Author:

Romero-Montero Alejandra1ORCID,Melgoza-Ramírez Luis Javier2ORCID,Ruíz-Aguirre Jesús Augusto2,Chávez-Santoscoy Alejandra3ORCID,Magaña Jonathan Javier24,Cortés Hernán4ORCID,Leyva-Gómez Gerardo1ORCID,Del Prado-Audelo María Luisa2

Affiliation:

1. Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico

2. Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Mexico City 14380, Mexico

3. Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico

4. Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City 14389, Mexico

Abstract

The emergence of bacterial strains displaying resistance to the currently available antibiotics is a critical global concern. These resilient bacteria can form biofilms that play a pivotal role in the failure of bacterial infection treatments as antibiotics struggle to penetrate all biofilm regions. Consequently, eradicating bacteria residing within biofilms becomes considerably more challenging than their planktonic counterparts, leading to persistent and chronic infections. Among various approaches explored, essential oils loaded in nanoparticles based on biopolymers have emerged, promising strategies that enhance bioavailability and biological activities, minimize side effects, and control release through regulated pharmacokinetics. Different available reviews analyze nanosystems and essential oils; however, usually, their main goal is the analysis of their antimicrobial properties, and progress in biofilm combat is rarely discussed, or it is not the primary objective. This review aims to provide a global vision of biofilm conformation and describes mechanisms of action attributed to each EO. Furthermore, we present a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in biopolymeric nanoparticles research, especially in chitosan- and zein-based nanosystems, targeting multidrug-resistant bacteria in both their sessile and biofilm forms, which will help to design precise strategies for combating biofilms.

Funder

DGAPA-UNAM

CONAHCyT

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Inorganic Chemistry,Organic Chemistry,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry,Computer Science Applications,Spectroscopy,Molecular Biology,General Medicine,Catalysis

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