Ecological Factors and Anthropogenic Disturbance May Restructure the Skin Microbiota of Maoershan Hynobiids (Hynobius maoershanensis)

Abstract

Studies on the skin microbiota of amphibians in different disturbed habitats can clarify the relationship between the skin microbiota composition and environmental factors and have practical implications for the conservation of endangered species. In this study, 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was used to profile the skin microbiota of Maoershan hynobiids (Hynobius maoershanensis). Our results illustrate that the alpha diversity of the skin microbiota significantly differed among individuals in higher anthropogenic disturbance-degree (HADD) habitats and lower anthropogenic disturbance-degree (LADD) habitats. The diversity of the skin microbiota in forelimb bud-stage tadpoles from HADD habitats was higher than that in their counterparts from LADD habitats. The richness of the skin microbiota in hindlimb bud-stage tadpoles was greater in HADD habitats than in LADD habitats. However, the alpha diversity of the adult skin microbiota did not differ significantly between the two habitats. Furthermore, stepwise regression analysis indicated that the skin microbiota diversity and relative abundance of dominant bacteria decreased with increasing air temperature, water temperature, and pH; conversely, skin microbiota richness increased with increasing humidity. In addition, the relative abundance of dominant bacteria was influenced by anthropogenic disturbance. We conclude that the skin microbiota of Maoershan hynobiids is affected by ecological factors and anthropogenic disturbance, highlighting the importance of the skin microbiota in response to habitat alteration.