PAMPs and DAMPs in Sepsis: A Review of Their Molecular Features and Potential Clinical Implications

Author:

Cicchinelli Sara1,Pignataro Giulia2,Gemma Stefania2ORCID,Piccioni Andrea2ORCID,Picozzi Domitilla2ORCID,Ojetti Veronica2,Franceschi Francesco2,Candelli Marcello2ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Emergency, S.S. Filippo e Nicola Hospital, 67051 Avezzano, Italy

2. Department of Emergency, Anesthesiological and Reanimation Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli—IRRCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy

Abstract

Sepsis is a serious organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated immune host reaction to a pathogen. The innate immunity is programmed to react immediately to conserved molecules, released by the pathogens (PAMPs), and the host (DAMPs). We aimed to review the molecular mechanisms of the early phases of sepsis, focusing on PAMPs, DAMPs, and their related pathways, to identify potential biomarkers. We included studies published in English and searched on PubMed® and Cochrane®. After a detailed discussion on the actual knowledge of PAMPs/DAMPs, we analyzed their role in the different organs affected by sepsis, trying to elucidate the molecular basis of some of the most-used prognostic scores for sepsis. Furthermore, we described a chronological trend for the release of PAMPs/DAMPs that may be useful to identify different subsets of septic patients, who may benefit from targeted therapies. These findings are preliminary since these pathways seem to be strongly influenced by the peculiar characteristics of different pathogens and host features. Due to these reasons, while initial findings are promising, additional studies are necessary to clarify the potential involvement of these molecular patterns in the natural evolution of sepsis and to facilitate their transition into the clinical setting.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Inorganic Chemistry,Organic Chemistry,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry,Computer Science Applications,Spectroscopy,Molecular Biology,General Medicine,Catalysis

Reference236 articles.

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