Rate of Torque Development Scaling Factor Decreased following a 6-Week Unilateral Isometric Training Using Electrostimulation or Voluntary Contractions

Abstract

This study explored the changes in the rate of torque development scaling factor (RTD-SF) and maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) variables following six weeks of unilateral isometric electromyostimulation (EMS) and voluntary (VOL) exercises. Twenty-six physically active participants were randomly assigned to EMS (n = 13) or a VOL group. MVC and RTD-SF of the quadriceps femoris of both legs were assessed before and after training. EMS and VOL exercises had identical frequency (three sessions/week), intensity (60% MVC), volume (40 contractions), and work-to-rest ratio (18 min: 6.25 s of work/20 s of rest). There were no between-group differences for the trained leg with overall increases in maximal torque (Tmax) of ~29% (d = 2.11–2.12), ~13% for RTDmax (d = 0.92–1.10); ~23% for Intercept (d = 0.72–0.78), and reduction in RTD-SF by ~15% (d = 1.01–1.10). In the non-trained leg, significant moderate change was only observed after EMS for RTD-SF which decreased by 12.5% (d = 0.76). Both EMS and VOL training applied at equivalent workloads positively impact on Tmax, RTDmax, and Intercept, but they negatively affect the quickness with which muscle contracts across a wide range of submaximal forces. Using a moderate training intensity in regularly physically active participants could explain the absence of cross-education in the VOL group.