CBD Versus CBDP: Comparing In Vitro Receptor-Binding Activities

Abstract

Phytocannabinoids with seven-carbon alkyl chains (phorols) have gained a lot of attention, as they are commonly believed to be more potent versions of typical cannabinoids with shorter alkyl chains. At the time of this article, cannabidiphorol (CBDP) and tetrahydrocannabiphorol (THCP) can both be purchased in the North American market, even though their biological activities are nearly unknown. To investigate their relative potency, we conducted in vitro receptor-binding experiments with CBDP (cannabinoid CB1/CB2 receptor antagonism, serotonin 5HT-1A agonism, dopamine D2S (short form) agonism, and mu-opioid negative allosteric modulation) and compared the observed activity with that of CBD. To our knowledge, this is the first publication to investigate CBDP’s receptor activity in vitro. A similar activity profile was observed for both CBD and CBDP, with the only notable difference at the CB2 receptor. Contrary to common expectations, CBD was found to be a slightly more potent CB2 antagonist than CBDP (p < 0.05). At the highest tested concentration, CBD demonstrated antagonist activity with a 33% maximum response of SR144528 (selective CB2 antagonist/inverse agonist). CBDP at the same concentration produced a weaker antagonist activity. A radioligand binding assay revealed that among cannabinoid and serotonin receptors, CB2 is likely the main biological target of CBDP. However, both CBD and CBDP were found to be significantly less potent than SR144528. The interaction of CBDP with the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) produced unexpected results. Although the cannabidiol family is considered to be a set of negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of opioid receptors, we observed a significant increase in met-enkephalin-induced mu-opioid internalization when cells were incubated with 3 µM of CBDP and 1 µM met-enkephalin, a type of activity expected from positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). To provide a structural explanation for the observed PAM effect, we conducted molecular docking simulations. These simulations revealed the co-binding potential of CBDP (or CBD) and met-enkephalin to the MOR.