Integrated Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Analyses of the Biosynthesis of Arbutin and 6′-O-Caffeoylarbutin in Vaccinium dunalianum Cell Suspension Cultures Fed with Hydroquinone

Abstract

Arbutin and 6′-O-caffeoylarbutin (CA) from Vaccinium dunalianum Wight are known for their ability to inhibit melanin synthesis. To boost the production of arbutin and CA, precursor feeding with hydroquinone (HQ) was studied in V. dunalianum suspension cells. The effect of HQ on the biosynthesis of arbutin and CA in the suspension cells was investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and possible molecular mechanisms were analyzed using metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses. HPLC analysis only showed that the addition of HQ significantly enhanced arbutin synthesis in cells, peaking at 15.52 ± 0.28 mg·g−1 after 0.5 mmol·L−1 HQ treatment for 12 h. Subsequently, metabolomics identified 78 differential expression metabolites (DEMs), of which arbutin and CA were significantly up-regulated metabolites. Moreover, transcriptomics found a total of 10,628 differential expression genes (DEGs). The integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed that HQ significantly enhanced the expression of two arbutin synthase (AS) genes (Unigene0063512 and Unigene0063513), boosting arbutin synthesis. Additionally, it is speculated that CA was generated from arbutin and 3,4,5-tricaffeoylquinic acid catalyzed by caffeoyl transferase, with Unigene0044545, Unigene0043539, and Unigene0017356 as potentially associated genes with CA synthesis. These findings indicate that the precursor feeding strategy offers a promising approach for the mass production of arbutin and CA in V. dunalianum suspension cells and provides new insights for CA biosynthesis in V. dunalianum.