Novel Cascade Alpha Satellite HORs in Orangutan Chromosome 13 Assembly: Discovery of the 59mer HOR—The largest Unit in Primates—And the Missing Triplet 45/27/18 HOR in Human T2T-CHM13v2.0 Assembly

Author:

Glunčić Matko1,Vlahović Ines2,Rosandić Marija34ORCID,Paar Vladimir14

Affiliation:

1. Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

2. Department of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Algebra University College, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

3. University Hospital Centre Zagreb (Ret.), 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

4. Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

Abstract

From the recent genome assembly NHGRI_mPonAbe1-v2.0_NCBI (GCF_028885655.2) of orangutan chromosome 13, we computed the precise alpha satellite higher-order repeat (HOR) structure using the novel high-precision GRM2023 algorithm with Global Repeat Map (GRM) and Monomer Distance (MD) diagrams. This study rigorously identified alpha satellite HORs in the centromere of orangutan chromosome 13, discovering a novel 59mer HOR—the longest HOR unit identified in any primate to date. Additionally, it revealed the first intertwined sequence of three HORs, 18mer/27mer/45mer HORs, with a common aligned “backbone” across all HOR copies. The major 7mer HOR exhibits a Willard’s-type canonical copy, although some segments of the array display significant irregularities. In contrast, the 14mer HOR forms a regular Willard’s-type HOR array. Surprisingly, the GRM2023 high-precision analysis of chromosome 13 of human genome assembly T2T-CHM13v2.0 reveals the presence of only a 7mer HOR, despite both the orangutan and human genome assemblies being derived from whole genome shotgun sequences.

Funder

Croatian Government

Croatian Science Foundation

Publisher

MDPI AG

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