Abstract
Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are innate, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) sensors. Their expressions in human periodontal resident cells and reactions toward irritations, such as hypoxia and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), remain not well characterized. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate and characterize TLRs, NOD1/2 and NLRP1/2 expressions at the dento-gingival junction. Methods: Immunohistochemistry screening was carried out on periodontal tissue biopsies sections, while selected DAMP sensors signal and protein expression under Escherichia coli LPS (2 µg/mL) and/or hypoxia (1% O2), 24 h, by human gingival keratinocytes (HGK) or fibroblasts (HGF) were investigated. Results: Positive TLR1/2/4/5/6, NOD1/2 and NLRP1/2 immunostaining were observed in healthy and periodontitis biopsies with apparently more pocket epithelial cells positive for TLR2, TLR4 and NOD1/2. TLR1-6, NOD1/2 and NLRP1/2 messengers were detected in gingival/periodontal biopsies as well as healthy HGK and HGF explants. LPS and/or hypoxia induced signals and protein upregulation of NOD2 in HGKs or TLR1/6 and NOD2 in HGFs. Conclusion: Transcripts and proteins of TLR1/2/4/5/6, NOD1/2 and NLRP1/2 were expressed in human periodontal tissue in health and disease. Putting all observations together, NOD2, perhaps with TLR1/2/4/6, might be considered key, damage-associated molecular pattern sensors on periodontal resident cells.
Funder
Research Council of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Subject
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes,Computer Science Applications,Process Chemistry and Technology,General Engineering,Instrumentation,General Materials Science
Cited by
3 articles.
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