Recognition of Cosmic Ray Images Obtained from CMOS Sensors Used in Mobile Phones by Approximation of Uncertain Class Assignment with Deep Convolutional Neural Network

Abstract

In this paper, we describe the convolutional neural network (CNN)-based approach to the problems of categorization and artefact reduction of cosmic ray images obtained from CMOS sensors used in mobile phones. As artefacts, we understand all images that cannot be attributed to particles’ passage through sensor but rather result from the deficiencies of the registration procedure. The proposed deep neural network is composed of a pretrained CNN and neural-network-based approximator, which models the uncertainty of image class assignment. The network was trained using a transfer learning approach with a mean squared error loss function. We evaluated our approach on a data set containing 2350 images labelled by five judges. The most accurate results were obtained using the VGG16 CNN architecture; the recognition rate (RR) was 85.79% ± 2.24% with a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.03 ± 0.00. After applying the proposed threshold scheme to eliminate less probable class assignments, we obtained a RR of 96.95% ± 1.38% for a threshold of 0.9, which left about 62.60% ± 2.88% of the overall data. Importantly, the research and results presented in this paper are part of the pioneering field of the application of citizen science in the recognition of cosmic rays and, to the best of our knowledge, this analysis is performed on the largest freely available cosmic ray hit dataset.