Analysis of In Vitro Leukocyte Responses to Biomaterials in the Presence of Antimicrobial Porcine Neutrophil Extract (AMPNE)

Abstract

Implant insertion can evoke excessive inflammation which disrupts the healing process and potentially leads to complications such as implant rejection. Neutrophils and macrophages play a vital role in the early inflammatory phase of tissue repair, necessitating the study of cellular responses in host–implant interactions. In order to deepen the knowledge about these interactions, the response of neutrophils and macrophages to contact with selected biomaterials was examined in vitro on the basis of secretory response as well as reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generation. Porcine neutrophils exposed to hydroxyapatite (HA) released more enzymes and generated higher levels of ROS/RNS compared to the control group. The addition of AMPNE diminished these responses. Although the results from porcine cells can provide valuable preliminary data, further validation using human cells or clinical studies would be necessary to fully extrapolate the findings to human medicine. Our study revealed that human neutrophils after contact of with HA increased the production of nitric oxide (NO) (10.00 ± 0.08 vs. control group 3.0 ± 0.11 µM, p < 0.05), while HAP or FAP did not elicit a significant response. Human macrophages cultured with HA produced more superoxide and NO, while HAP or FAP had a minimal effect, and curdlan reduced ROS/RNS generation. The addition of AMPNE to cultures with all biomaterials, except curdlan, reduced neutrophil activity, regardless of the peptides’ origin. These results highlight the potential of antimicrobial peptides in modulating excessive biomaterial/host cell reactions involving neutrophils and macrophages, enhancing our understanding of immune reactions, and suggesting that AMPNE could regulate leukocyte response during implantation.